Burning the Bootloader on ATMega328 using Arduino UNO as ISP

ISP
http://www.instructables.com/id/Burning-the-Bootloader-on-ATMega328-using-Arduino-/

Interfacing stepper motor to 8051

Interfacing stepper motor to 8051 microcontroller.

This article  is about interfacing stepper motor to 8051 microcontroller. Many guys were asking here to show how to interface stepper motor to 8051 microcontroller. I think this is the time. Stepper motors are widely used in industrial, medical, consumer electronics application. In simple words, anywhere precision rotation or positioning of an object is needed.

Stepper motor.

Stepper motor is a brush less motor which converts electrical pulses into mechanical rotation. As the name indicates it rotates in steps according to the input pulses. A stepper motor usually have a number of field coils (phases) and a toothed rotor. The step size of the motor is determined by the number of phases and the number of teeth on the rotor. Step size is the angular displacement of the rotor in one step. If a stepper motor has 4 phases and 50 teeth, it takes 50×4=200 steps to make one complete rotation. So step angle will be 360/200=1.8°.

The stepper motor we are using has 4 poles and a 1/64 reduction gear mechanism for increasing torque. The step angle of the motor is 5.64°. But when considering the reduction gear, the step angle of the output shaft is 5.64/64°. The internal schematic of the stepper motor is given below.

The stepper motor is rotated by switching individual phases ON for a given time one by one. The sequence is given in the graph below.

Circuit diagram.

The circuit diagram for interfacing stepper motor to 8051 is shown above. P1.0, P1.1, P1.2 and P1.3 pins are used for controlling the phases A1, A2, A3 and A4 of the stepper motor respectively.  ULN2003 is used for driving the individual phases of the  stepper motor. ULN2003 is a darlington transistor array used for driving high current loads such as relays and motors. ULN2003 has 8 individual channels each with 1A capacity. The channels can be paralleled to increase the current capacity. Each channels are fitted with individual freewheeling diodes. The ULN2003 is operated in current sinking mode. Each channel is activated by giving a logic LOW at the corresponding input.  For example if we make pin 1 of ULN2003 LOW, phase A1 of the stepper motor gets switched ON.

Program.

A1 EQU P1.0
A2 EQU P1.1
A3 EQU P1.2
A4 EQU P1.3
ORG 00H
MOV TMOD,#00000001B

MAIN:
CLR A1
ACALL DELAY
SETB A1

CLR A2
ACALL DELAY
SETB A2

CLR A3
ACALL DELAY
SETB A3 

CLR A4
ACALL DELAY
SETB A4
SJMP MAIN
      

DELAY:MOV R6,#1D       
BACK: MOV TH0,#00000000B   
      MOV TL0,#00000000B   
      SETB TR0             
HERE2: JNB TF0,HERE2        
      CLR TR0              
      CLR TF0             
      DJNZ R6,BACK
      RET
END

The program first clears P1.0 for activating phase 1 (A1) of the stepper motor. This condition is maintained for 65mS and then P1.0 is set for deactivating phase 1 of the motor. Then the same process is repeated for the port pins P1.1 to P1.3 and the entire cycle is repeated over and over to make the motor rotate in the clockwise direction.

Timer 0 of the microcontroller is configured in Mode1 for producing the 65mS delay. 65mS is the width of each control pulse.

Digital Door Lock – Password based Electronic Code Lock using 8051

This Digital Door Lock – is simply a password based electronic code lock designed using 8051 micro controller, a keypad and a 12 volt dc relay. In this article, we have designed a simple digital door lock using 8051 -which can be used as a security checking system to limit access to an area/room only for certain individuals with the password. So our digital door lock project can be called with a very wide range of names like a digital combination lock using 8051 or a digital security code lock using 8051 microcontroller or a password security system using 8051 or an electronic code lock or a digital code lock using 8051. People call this kind of a “security system” with different names, though all of them mean to build a basic password based security system using a micro controller like 8051 or avr or pic or arduino (a controller of choice) with extra features like automatic door lock/opening facility, sound alarm, gsm based sms alert etc.

Digital Door Lock – Project Summary

Our Digital Code Lock project – is a simple electronic number lock system or an electronic combination lock using 8051 – which has a preset 5 digit password stored inside the program.The system collects 5 digit user input, compares the user input with the preset password inside program and if the user input and stored password matches, access will be granted (by opening the door with the help of relay for a few seconds and closing it automatically after stipulated time) . If there is a mismatch between user input and stored password, access will be denied (by not opening the closed door – that is by keeping the relay in OFF position)

Note:- We have a wonderful collection of 8051 projects which we have designed and published previously. Take a look If you are interested in building 8051 based applications and systems yourself! It’s a lot fun to learn and build new stuffs.

Lets get to building our password based digital door lock now.The circuit diagram of digital code lock is given below. Assemble the circuit as shown in diagram.

Password based Digital Door Lock/Electronic Code Lock – Circuit Diagram

Components Used

8051 – AT89S51 – 1	16×2 LCD Module – 1
4X4 Keypad – 1	10K Resistor Network – 1
12V Relay – 1
Transistor – BC548 – 1	Diode – 1N4007 – 1
Push Button Switch – 1	Crystal – 11.059Mhz – 1
Capacitors
33pF -2	0.1uF -1
10uF -1	1
Resistors
10K Ohm – 1	100 Ohm -1
8.2K Ohm – 1	330 Ohm -1
4.7K Ohm – 1

Connections Explained

Make the connections of digital code lock project as shown in circuit diagram. We have explained the connections below.

Keypad to 8051 – In this particular electronic code lock project, we have interfaced a 4×4 keypad to Port 3 of 8051 micro controller. Row pins are connected from P3.0 to P3.3, whereas Column pins are connected from P3.4 to P3.7. Read our tutorial on interfacing keypad to 8051 – to learn how keypad is connected to 8051 and how key presses are identified and displayed.

16×2 LCD Module to 8051 – We are using a 16×2 lcd module to display status messages of the project. We have connected this LCD module in 8 bit mode (using 8 data lines). The 8 data lines are connected to Port 0 of 8051.An external pull up resistance is connected using a 10K Resistor Network (with 8 pins) at Port 0 to interface the 8 data lines of LCD. The LCD controlling pins RS, R/W and E are connected to Port 2 pins P2.7, P2.6 and P2.5 respectively.  Read our tutorial on interfacing LCD to 8051 – to learn how to connect LCD module to 8051 properly and also to learn how to display text messages on the LCD module perfectly.

Push button switch – is used to setup reset circuit of 8051 and Crystal is used to provide necessary clock to 8051.

Relay – a 12V SPDT relay is used for the digital door lock project and is connected to P2.0. A transistor (BC548) – is used to drive the relay with necessary current.

Working of the Project

Objective of the Digital Door Lock project is to allow access to people who input the 5 digit password correctly and to not allow access to people who input password wrongly. We use a 4×4 Keypad to input digits to micro controller and a 12V relay is used to control the electronic solenoid lock (not shown in circuit diagram) of door. The password is stored inside the 8051 program (program memory). In the example program given below, we use password 12345 and is stored in program memory location with label – PASSW.

PASSW: DB 49D,50D,51D,52D,53D,0 // Decimal equivalent of 1,2,3,4,5 is stored in address label PASSW

When we turn power supplies ON, the system will turn ON with a messaged on LCD screen – “Password Based Security System”. Once the boot up process is complete, the system will ask to “Input 5 Digits”. The user has to input 5 digits consecutively after this message appears on LCD screen. Once 5 digits are entered, the system will start checking password (by comparing the input 5 digits with the stored password). Before the subroutine to check password (comparison subroutine – with label – CHECK_PASSWORD) begins, a status message “Checking Password” will be displayed on LCD module. The password checking subroutine will compare each entered digit – one by one and if all the 5 digits are entered correctly (i.e each entered digit matches with the stored password in order) the system will begin the process of allowing access to the user by turning ON the relay( achieved with SETB P2.0 command in program). Two messages will be displayed on LCD screen – “Access Granted” and “Door Opens” . The relay will be turned OFF with command CLR P2.0 after a few seconds (that is in the next iteration of the MAIN Program commands) If the password entered is wrong, the system will not turn ON the relay and a message “Wrong Password” – “Access Denied” will be displayed on LCD screen.

Program/ Code – Password Based Security System

RS EQU P2.7
RW EQU P2.6
E  EQU P2.5
SEL EQU 41H



ORG 000H 
CLR P2.0
MOV TMOD,#00100001B
MOV TH1,#253D
MOV SCON,#50H
SETB TR1
ACALL LCD_INIT
MOV DPTR,#TEXT1
ACALL LCD_OUT
ACALL LINE2
MOV DPTR,#TEXT2
ACALL LCD_OUT



MAIN:ACALL LCD_INIT
     MOV DPTR,#TEXT1
     ACALL LCD_OUT
     ACALL LINE2
     MOV DPTR,#TEXT2
     CLR P2.0
     ACALL LCD_OUT
     ACALL DELAY1
     ACALL DELAY1
     ACALL READ_KEYPRESS
     ACALL LINE1 
     MOV DPTR,#CHKMSG
     ACALL LCD_OUT
     ACALL DELAY1
     ACALL CHECK_PASSWORD      
     SJMP MAIN

LCD_INIT: MOV DPTR,#INIT_COMMANDS
          SETB SEL
          ACALL LCD_OUT
          CLR SEL
          RET      

LCD_OUT:  CLR A
           MOVC A,@A+DPTR
           JZ EXIT
           INC DPTR
           JB SEL,CMD
           ACALL DATA_WRITE
           SJMP LCD_OUT
CMD:      ACALL CMD_WRITE 
           SJMP LCD_OUT
EXIT:    RET          

LINE2:MOV A,#0C0H 
    ACALL CMD_WRITE
    RET   
    
LINE1: MOV A,#80H    
ACALL CMD_WRITE
RET

CLRSCR: MOV A,#01H
ACALL CMD_WRITE
RET

CMD_WRITE: MOV P0,A
    CLR RS
    CLR RW
    SETB E
    CLR E
    ACALL DELAY
    RET

DATA_WRITE:MOV P0,A
    SETB RS
    CLR RW
    SETB E
    CLR E
    ACALL DELAY
    RET

DELAY: CLR E
    CLR RS
    SETB RW
    MOV P0,#0FFh
    SETB E
    MOV A,P0
    JB ACC.7,DELAY
    CLR E
    CLR RW
    RET
    
DELAY1:MOV R3,#46D
BACK:  MOV TH0,#00000000B   
       MOV TL0,#00000000B   
       SETB TR0             
HERE1: JNB TF0,HERE1         
       CLR TR0             
       CLR TF0             
       DJNZ R3,BACK
       RET
       
DELAY2: MOV R3,#250D
BACK2:   MOV TH0,#0FCH 
        MOV TL0,#018H 
        SETB TR0 
HERE2:  JNB TF0,HERE2 
        CLR TR0 
        CLR TF0 
        DJNZ R3,BACK2
        RET       


READ_KEYPRESS: ACALL CLRSCR
ACALL LINE1
MOV DPTR,#IPMSG
ACALL LCD_OUT
ACALL LINE2
MOV R0,#5D
MOV R1,#160D
ROTATE:ACALL KEY_SCAN
MOV @R1,A
ACALL DATA_WRITE
ACALL DELAY2
INC R1
DJNZ R0,ROTATE
RET



CHECK_PASSWORD:MOV R0,#5D
MOV R1,#160D
MOV DPTR,#PASSW 
RPT:CLR A
MOVC A,@A+DPTR
XRL A,@R1
JNZ FAIL
INC R1
INC DPTR
DJNZ R0,RPT
ACALL CLRSCR
ACALL LINE1
MOV DPTR,#TEXT_S1
ACALL LCD_OUT
ACALL LINE2
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P2.0
MOV DPTR,#TEXT_S2
ACALL LCD_OUT
ACALL DELAY1
SJMP GOBACK
FAIL:ACALL CLRSCR 
ACALL LINE1
MOV DPTR,#TEXT_F1
ACALL LCD_OUT
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL LINE2
MOV DPTR,#TEXT_F2
ACALL LCD_OUT
ACALL DELAY1
GOBACK:RET



KEY_SCAN:MOV P3,#11111111B 
CLR P3.0 
JB P3.4, NEXT1 
MOV A,#49D
RET

NEXT1:JB P3.5,NEXT2
MOV A,#50D

RET
NEXT2: JB P3.6,NEXT3
MOV A,#51D

RET
NEXT3: JB P3.7,NEXT4
MOV A,#65D

RET
NEXT4:SETB P3.0
CLR P3.1 
JB P3.4, NEXT5 
MOV A,#52D

RET
NEXT5:JB P3.5,NEXT6
MOV A,#53D

RET
NEXT6: JB P3.6,NEXT7
MOV A,#54D
RET
NEXT7: JB P3.7,NEXT8
MOV A,#66D

RET
NEXT8:SETB P3.1
CLR P3.2
JB P3.4, NEXT9 
MOV A,#55D

RET
NEXT9:JB P3.5,NEXT10
MOV A,#56D

RET
NEXT10: JB P3.6,NEXT11
MOV A,#57D

RET
NEXT11: JB P3.7,NEXT12
MOV A,#67D

RET
NEXT12:SETB P3.2
CLR P3.3
JB P3.4, NEXT13 
MOV A,#42D

RET
NEXT13:JB P3.5,NEXT14
MOV A,#48D

RET
NEXT14: JB P3.6,NEXT15
MOV A,#35D

RET
NEXT15: JB P3.7,NEXT16
MOV A,#68D
RET
NEXT16:LJMP KEY_SCAN




INIT_COMMANDS:  DB 0CH,01H,06H,80H,3CH,0    

TEXT1: DB "PASSWORD BASED",0 
TEXT2: DB "SECURITY SYSTEM",0 
IPMSG: DB "INPUT 5 DIGITS",0
CHKMSG: DB "CHECKING PASSWORD",0
TEXT_S1: DB "ACCESS - GRANTED",0
TEXT_S2: DB "DOOR OPENED",0
TEXT_F1: DB "WRONG PASSWORD",0
TEXT_F2: DB "ACCESS DENIED",0
PASSW: DB 49D,50D,51D,52D,53D,0
END

The program is written in assembly language. The important aspects and subroutines of the program are explained below.

KEY_SCAN – is the subroutine to identify a key press. The method of column scanning is employed in identifying the pressed key. The pressed key is identified and is assigned a decimal equivalent value (ASCII value) of the pressed key. You may read the tutorial on keypad to 8051 – interfacing to learn more about the programming.

READ_KEYPRESS – is the subroutine to collect user inputs. A counter is set up using register R0 to count 5 times (this will limit the user input collection to first 5 key presses). Register R1 is assigned address location 160D. The collected user inputs are saved in address location starting from 160D. This location is incremented successively using INC R1 – command of 8051. So first user input is stored in 160D, second user input in 161D, third in 162D, fourth in 163D and fifth user input in 164D. These address locations are accessed using register R1 via indirect addressing method.

Note:- There are two delay routines written in the program. DELAY1 – is used as a delay for outputting messages on LCD module properly. After sending a message/data to LCD module, DELAY1 is called so that the message stays on LCD screen for the stipulated delay time. DELAY2 (is a 2.5 seconds delay) is used to provide the necessary debouncing effect for the keypad. (A push button switch or any kind of mechanical switch has bouncing effect. This effect has to be nullified either with a capacitor or with some tweaks inside software – for example – a 1 or 2 seconds delay after a key press is scanned)

CHECK_PASSWORD – is the subroutine to compare user input password (5 digits) with the actual stored password in the program. Comparison is made digit by digit by selecting each digit from stored password with the help of DPTR and loading it to Accumulator (with MOVC A,@A+DPTR). Each digit loaded to accumulator is then compared with the corresponding digit stored as user input (in address locations 16D to 164D) by loading them one by one to register R1. Digits are compared by X-OR ing them with command XRL A,@R1. Based on the outcome of comparison, this subroutine has commands written to either allow access (and turn ON relay) or to not allow access and display an “Access Denied” message on LCD screen.

Conclusion

So that’s all about the Password based Security System using 8051. We hope you have understood the circuit, its working and the program really well. If you have any doubts,please ask in comments section.  If you would like to learn more interesting and similar projects like this electronic password lock, take a look at the following security system/lock projects.

RFID based Security System using 8051 – is a security system very similar to Digital Door Lock or Electronic Code Lock in concept. The major difference in this project is that, unique RFID Tags are used to identify authorized personnel (instead of keypad and password). An RFID  reader is interfaced to 8051 to read RFID Tags.

Digital Code Lock -Advanced -using Arduino – is a very interesting and advanced version of Digital Code Lock projects built using keypad and arduino. The most interesting part of this project is “User Defined Password” option where the user can set a password himself at the time of installation of system. This SET password at installation can be later changed/

wirelss robot car circuit

http://www.circuitstoday.com/remote-operated-spy-robot-circuit

Remote Control Operated Spy Robot Circuit – Block Diagram

Remote Control Operated Spy Robot Circuit - Block Diagram

1. Remote Control Section

The circuit uses HT 12E, HT 12D encoder and decoder. 433MHz ASK transmitter and receiver is used for the remote control. H-bridge circuits are used for driving motors. Two 12V DC/100RPM gear motors are used as drivers. The working of the circuit is as follows.

When we are pressing any key in remote controller the HT 12E generate 8 bit address and 4 bit data .The DIP switches are used for setting the address. Then the ASK transmitter sends the 8 bit address and 4 bit data to the receiver Then the ASK receiver receives the 8 bit address and 4 bit data and HT 12D decoder decodes the data, thus enabling the appropriate output. Thus the output signals that are generated controls the H-bridge which then rotates the motors.

The 433 MHZ ASK transmitter and receivers are extremely small, and are excellent for applications requiring short-range RF remote controls.  The transmitter module is only 1/3rd the size of a standard postage stamp, and can easily be placed inside a small plastic enclosure. The transmitter output is up to 8mW at 433.92MHz. The transmitter accepts both linear and digital inputs and can operate from 1.5 to 12 Volts-DC, and makes building a miniature hand-held RF transmitter very easy.  The 433 MHZ ASK transmitters is approximately the size of a standard postage stamp

433 MHZ ASK receivers also operate at 433.92MHz, and have a sensitivity of 3uV.  The receiver operates from 4.5 to 5.5 volts-DC.

Remote-Control-Operated-Spy-Robot-Circuit-Remote-Control-Section

2. Video Transmission Section

In this project we are using a wireless CCD camera. Now these types of cameras are commonly available in the market. It works on 12VDC supply.

To know more about CCD camera, click on the link below.

TAKE A LOOK : CHARGE COUPLED DEVICES (CCD)

The 12 Volt DC supply is taken from the battery placed in the robot. The camera has a receiver, which is placed in the remote station. Its output signals are in the form of audio and video. These signals are directly connected to a TV receiver or a computer through a tuner card.

Remote Operated Spy Robot - Remote Control Section

Components Required

IC	HT 12E	1
	HT 12D	1
	LM 7805	2
TRANSISTOR	TIP 127	4
	TIP 122	4
	S 8050	4
DIODE	1N 4148	8
RESISTOR	1K	4
	220E	4
	39K	1
	1M	1
ASK TRANSMITTER	433 MHz	1
ASK RECEIVER	433 MHz	1
DIP SWITCH		2
PUSH TO ON SWITCH		4
GEAR MOTOR	12V DC 100rpm	2
BATTERY	12V 1.3 Ah   rechargeable	1
	9V	1
WIRELESS CCD CAMERA		1

Construction

The steps for the construction are…

1. Take a hylam sheet with (20cm*15cm) size.

2. Fix two gear motors (12VDC 100rpm) in the hylam sheet by using aluminum pieces and nut bolts as shown in the figure below.

3. Fix the ball castor as shown in the figure below.

Construction of Remote Operated Spy Robot Circuit

4. Then fix the battery (12VDC 1.2Ah) on the top of the spy robot as shown in the figure below.

Construction of Remote Operated Spy Robot Circuit – Top View

5. Connect two motors to the PCB. The PCB is then connected to the battery.

6. Connect the wireless CCD camera to the battery.

7. Connect the camera receiver to the TV or computer. Video information’s will thus appear in the screen.

8. Switch on the remote controller and control the spy robot.

Joystic-motor Connection

Moter-Joystic Connection

CV / Resume Format For freshers